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Working paper No. 158. When is Gibrat’s Law a Law?

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Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to investigate if the industry context matters for whether Gibrat’s law is rejected or not using a dataset that consists of all limited firms in 5-digit NACE-industries in Sweden during 1998-2004. The results reject Gibrat’s law on an aggregate level, since small firms grow faster than large firms. However, Gibrat’s law is confirmed about as often as it is rejected when industry-specific regressions are estimated. It is also found that the industry context – e.g., minimum effcient scale, market concentration rate, and number of young firms in the industry – matters for whether Gibrat’s law is rejected or not.

Related content: When is Gibrat’s Law a Law?

Daunfeldt, S-O., & Elert, N. (2010). When is Gibrat’s Law a Law? Ratio Working paper No. 158.

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Author
Daunfeldt, S-O., & Elert, N.
Publication year
2010
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When is Gibrat’s Law a Law?

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  • Associate Researcher

    Sven-Olov Daunfeldt

    +46702957284sven-olov.daunfeldt@huiresearch.se

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Ratio Working Paper No. 390: Fighting Populism by Rethinking Welfare

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Abstract

Populism thrives on discontent. It could be anything from migration and xenophobia to globalization and welfare failures. Populists deliberately use such discontent to promote polarization by demonizing opponents and attacking media, established elites, courts etc. in the name of the “true people”. As a consequence, democracy, the rule of law, and sound social and economic policies are undermined, with long-term disastrous effects. In many cases, however, the original discontent is caused by real policy failures that have not been properly solved. A major strategy for fighting back at the populist threats therefore must be to improve policy. This paper focuses on the policy failures of welfare states, a major source of discontent in many democracies. I argue that the concept of welfare has been captured and misinterpreted into government assistance programs, a presumption that needs to be abandoned and replaced by interpreting welfare as human flourishing, something that primarily can be promoted within markets and civil society, supported by a small, limited, and decent state.

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Ratio Working Paper No. 389: Parenthood and the Gender Gap in Academic Careers

Ejermo, O., & Holmström, P.
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Publication year

2026

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Ratio Working Paper Series.

Abstract

Using population-wide data on Swedish university researchers and teachers, we identify the effects of parenthood on academic careers. Leveraging staggered event-study models that compare mothers and fathers around first birth, we document widening gender gaps in publication output, wage income, promotion, and PhD completion. These gaps arise across all scientific fields. We further document substantial gender differences prior to first birth and among never-parents, indicating that child-related penalties explain only part of the overall academic gender gap.

Article (with peer review)

Competition and Voice in Public Education: Evidence from Sweden

Sebhatu, A., Wennberg, K., Lakomaa, E., & Brandén, M.

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2026

Published in

Education Finance and Policy, 1-40

Abstract

While numerous studies examine the effects of school competition on student performance, little research directly addresses a key critique of competition: its potential to negatively affect parental engagement and voice. We draw on Hirschman’s theory of voice to argue that voucher-based school competition increases opportunities for exit but may crowd out voice. To assess the causal effects of competition on parental voice, we employ a robust two-way fixed effects difference-in-differences framework, comparing municipalities in Sweden that introduced competition with those that did not. Our findings indicate that school complaints decline following the introduction of competition. This decrease in voice is driven by neither a decrease in problems in school nor by changes in teaching staff quality or attrition. This suggests that the decrease in complaints is driven not by an increase in school quality but rather by a substitution from voice to exit.

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